INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine postpartum physical symptoms severity and breastfeeding behavior of primipar mothers according to their birth type.
METHODS: This descriptive and comparative study was conducted through January – June 2018 in gynecology and new born policlinics of three training research hospital in Izmir. Study was conducted with 227 mothers in two groups that had normal vaginal birth (n=113) and caesarean birth (n=114). Data were collected by Individual Identification Form, Postpartum Physical Symptom Severity Scale and LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Scale.
RESULTS: It was found that breastfeeding success of mothers that had caesarean birth was low and they had more severe physical symptoms in postpartum period (p<0.05). The correlation between mean score of LATCH and Postpartum Physical Symptom Severity Scale regarding the birth type was analyzed in the study and it was found in both groups that breastfeeding success was decreased as symptom severity in postpartum period increases (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Nurses should participate in childbirth education programs more and promote vaginal birth and breastfeeding. Also nurses should plan nursing care supporting breastfeeding, considering physical symptoms that mother might have in postpartum period.

INTRODUCTION: This descriptive study was aimed at investigating the methods used by nurses working in pediatric clinics to reduce invasive pain.
METHODS: The study was carried out between April 1, 2016 and December 30, 2016 at two university hospitals and two major state hospitals in İzmir. The study sample comprised 217 pediatric nurses.
RESULTS: Of the nurses participating in the study, 63.6% did not receive training on pain relief methods and most of them wanted to receive training on the issue.
In all painful interventions, the most frequently used methods to relieve pain are giving information before the intervention, allowing parents to stay with the child during the intervention and touching the child.
Among the pain relieving methods commonly used in other procedures are giving the child toys while the medicated plaster is removed, breastfeeding or using a pacifier during capillary blood collection, heel lance procedure, venous blood collection and arterial blood collection, giving rewards and/or toys after the insertion of peripheral venous catheters, administering local anesthetic during port needle insertion / removal, reduction of environmental stimuli during urinary catheter insertion / removal, and in ostomy care procedures, and carrying out breathing exercises during intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and intradermal (ID) injections.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it is recommended to include non-pharmacological pain relieving methods in clinical practices in addition to pharmacological methods.

INTRODUCTION: The research was conducted to determine the factors affecting the birth type preferences of primiparous pregnancies.
METHODS: The study was conducted with 102 primiparous pregnant women who admitted to a public and private hospital in Famagusta between September 2017- February 2018. Written consents of pregnants were obtained for the study. The data were collected with Pregnancy Introducing Features Form and Obstetric Story Form and the Prenatal Self Evaluation Questionnaire Fear of Birth Subscale and Birth Preparedness Subscale. Frequency, chi-square, mean, standard deviation, t-test were used in the evaluation of the data. Significance level is assumed as p<0.05.
RESULTS: It was found that 76.5% of pregnant women prefer vaginal birth and 23.5% prefer cesarean delivery. 84.6% of pregnants preferred vaginal birth because of it’ s natural, 58.3% of pregnants preferred cesarean delivery because of they afraid of birth and pain. There wasn’ t statistically a significant difference between birth preferences according to age, education, working status, place of residence and family type of pregnant women (p>0.05). When gestational weeks were examined, 38 week and after pregnants were prefered more cesarean birth than 38 weeks before pregnants (p=0.019). It was determined that there was no difference between birth preference according to pregnancy demand, planning of pregnancy, obtaining birth-oriented information, gender of the baby and preferences of hospitals (p>0.05). It was found that birth fear was effective in determining birth preference (p=0.000) and birth preparedness wasn’t effective (p=0.953).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Attempts which reducing fear of birth, should applied before 38th week pregnancy to ensure vaginal birth preference. When planning these initiatives, women's preferences for birth type should be considered.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of study is to investigate the relationship between information literacy and individual innovativeness among nursing students.
METHODS: This descriptive study, conducted in two bachelor degree nursing schools, between the dates September-November 2018. Data was obtained via data sheet, “Information Literacy Scale” and “Individual Innovativeness Scale”. Descriptive data was presented with frequency, mean±standard deviation, interquartile range, and percentage. Mann-Whitney U Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Bonferroni Corrected Mann-Whitney U Test and Spearman’s correlation.
RESULTS: The study was completed with 248 students. Mean age of students was 21.34±1.56 years. The level of individual innovativeness was as 41.1% early adopters and 40.3% interrogators. Information literacy scale scores was significantly higher in students aged between 22-26 years, spending 3 or more hours with internet surfing, had own computers, reported attempts to generate ideas/inventions for nursing. Students be up to date about innovation and changes in nursing profession had higher innovativeness scale score than the other group. Significant positive weak correlation was found between information literacy and individual innovativeness.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between information literacy and individual innovativeness, the majority of the students have a level of innovativeness as “early adopters” and was “unconstrained” level of information literacy.

INTRODUCTION: The intravenous connectors are the gatekeeper of the intraluminal fluid pathway and frequently used by nurses in clinical areas. This study aimed to determine the use connector satisfaction of nurses in application of intravenous therapy.
METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted between January-May 2016 in a training and research hospital in Istanbul. The sample of the study was consisted of 80 nurses/midwives working in general surgery unit, reanimation intensive care unit and outpatient chemotherapy unit. The data were collected by the Personal Information Form and Satisfaction Scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (Anova) were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS: Of the total, 65% of the participants stated that they had not received any training in their institutions regarding using connectors and 61.3% of them reported receiving no training about catheter-related infections. Participant satisfaction score on the use of the connector (according to the 0-10 degree visual analog scale) was 6.45±3.12. It was determined that there was a significant relationship between the connector satisfaction scores and easy use of the connectors (p <0.01).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Control of catheter-related infections is a priority worldwide. Nurse training in the use of connectors and connector satisfaction can contribute to the prevention of infections by improving adherence to its use.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the nurses, who are working in neonatal intensive care, knowledge about clustered care and the influencing factors.
METHODS: 93 neonatal nurses were included in the study. Study data were collected with demographic form and "knowledge level form of neonatal nurse for clustered care" created in accordance with the literature.
RESULTS: 67.7% of nurses were trained for neonatal intensive care and 21.5% of nurses have received training on individualized care of the newborn. Nurses knowledge score for the clustered care, have received training on intensive care and individualized developmental care, was statistically significant. Nurses' level of education and working time in NICU have increased the level of knowledge of scores also increased.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As a result education level, working time in NICU, education about neonatal intensive care and individualized developmental care affect the level of knowledge for clustered care. Nurse training will be made to improve information for the clustered care.

INTRODUCTION: This study was performed to investigate of the postgraduate thesis that evaluated the use of simulation in nursing education in Turkey.
METHODS: Study population consisted studies which were review in the databases “National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education” using the keywords “simulation”, “standard patient” “simulator”, and “scenario” in April-May 2019. In the review, master’s theses and doctoral dissertations without the date range evaluated the use of simulation in nursing education were chosen for examinations. 10 master’s theses and 18 doctoral dissertations meeting criteria of the research from this thesis were included in the sample. In the analysis of the data, the type of the thesis, year, aim, department, characteristics and size of sample, data collection tools and method, findings and results were summarized
RESULTS: The number of postgraduate thesis using of simulation in nursing education has increased rapidly (92.9%) in the last 5 years. In addition, it was determined that postgraduate theses were mostly carried out in fundamental nursing (50.0%) and obstetrics and gynecology nursing departments (21.4%), more than half of them were experimental/quasi-experimental design study (64.3%),sample of most of them were composed of nursing students (85.7%) and mostly (35.7%) examined together with effect on “cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes and behaviors) and psychomotor (skills) domains of learning”.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The use of simulation in nursing education is increased in the last 5 years, but not at a sufficient level. In this context, it is suggested to commonize of simulation-based education and to conduct further randomized controlled intervention study to provide evidence.

INTRODUCTION: Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dysmenorrhea living status and personality traits in university students.
METHODS: Methods: The research was cross-sectional.study’s. The study's universe consists of 2426 female students. The sample of the study is composed of 772 students. The sample of the study consisted of 772 students by determining via power analysis. Participant Presentation Form Cervantes Personality Scale were used in the data collection Arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Chi square, indipendant simple t test, pearson correlation test and. Cronbach Alpha reliability analysis test were used in the evaluation of the data.
RESULTS: Results: It was determined that 85% of the students who participated in the study experienced dysmenorrhea. In the study, it was found that 19-25 age group students had more dysmenorrhea than 18 and under age group students. In addition, it was found that as students move from emotional balance to neuroticism and from inconsistent personality trait to consistent personality trait, dysmenorrhea living status increases (p = 0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Conclusion: The study found that the majority of students experienced dysmenorrhea and dysmenorrhea was more prevalent in emotionally neurotic and coherent individuals. It is suggested that the health staff should aproach to women in a holistic way by knowing that personality traits are a factor affecting by dysmenorrhea.

INTRODUCTION: Caring behaviors can be defined by a nurse’s actions, behaviors, and attitudes, all of which include his/her interest, trust, concern, and ability to be with patients and provide care for them. This research is conducted to examine the perceptions of nurse’s caring behaviors of the patient in a university hospital.
METHODS: This study was conducted with 455 patients that were hospitalized in medical and surgical clinics. All data were collected with a “Patient Identification Form” and a “Caring Behaviors Inventory Scale-24”.
RESULTS: In this study, 53% of the patients were treated in surgical clinics and 47% in medical clinics. The mean age of the patients was 51.54±16.22 and the mean duration of hospital stay was 8.98±11.55. The total “Caring Behaviors Inventory-24” score average was 5.22±0.78. The patients assess the items with high scores in the sub-dimensions “Knowledge and Skill” (5.45±0.73), while they assess with lower scores in the sub-dimensions “Connectedness” (5.02±1.00) and “Respectful” (5.04±0.95). There were no significant differences between patients treated according to admitted clinic (p<0.05) in terms of mean scale scores regarding patient sex, education level, occupation, residence, or number of hospitalization. However, there were significant differences in the presence of family caregiver during the hospital stay and reason for choosing the hospital (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As a result of the research, it was determined that the perceptions of the patients about nursing caring behavior were positive. In particular, the patients' perceptions of the technical feature of care and the care behaviors in the connectedness dimension were positive. The research can increase the awareness of nurses about caring behavior and provide thinking in line with the expectations of the patients. Research can help in planning interventions for areas that patients care about in improving the quality of nursing care.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of abdominal obesity and the level of eating awareness in students studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences.
METHODS: The sample of the research conducted in descriptive, cross-sectional and interrelated design was composed of 972 students. The data of the study were collected with Student Diagnostic Form, Mindful Eating Questionnaire(MEQ) and a tape measure. Descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage) as well as Student-t Test, One-Way ANOVA, Tukey HSD Post-hoc test, Pearson Correlation Analysis were used to evaluate the data. Results were evaluated at p <0.05 significance level.
RESULTS: According to the waist circumference measurement, abdominal obesity frequency is 20.9%. The frequency of abdominal obesity was determined as 14% in females and 57.7% in males. Student’s eating awareness MEQ was found to be high with an average score of 97.63 ± 13.26. While the subscale of the students with the highest score was 'eating control', the lowest score was determined as 'eating discipline'.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Low frequency of abdominal obesity in students and students have high eating awareness levels. The waist circumference values of students do not affect the level of eating awareness

Aim: The purpose of this systematic review is the revision of graduate thesis written between the years 1995-2017 using the theory or model of nursing in Turkey and the obtained data was performed in order to examine in a systematic way.
Method: In this descriptive study, theses registered to the National Center for Theses were screened between 25 April to 15 May 2018. The screening was conducted in Turkish using the keywords "model", "theory" and “idea" in nursing. 184 theses registered in the database have been reached. 123 theses matching the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Theses that meet the inclusion criteria was investigated of year of study, sample, method, type of research.
Results: The field of nursing theory/model using the National Center for Theses result of the examination of the registered 78 theses in theory/model it was used in Turkey. 11.5% of theses are masters, 88.5% are doctoral theses, 57.7% are quasi-experimental and 26.9% are experimental research type. When sample groups of theses are examined; 60.3% were with patients and 11.5% were with healthy women. When considering the theory/model used; 14.1% used the Roy Adaptation Model, 12.8% used the Milking Improvement Model, 7.7% Health Belief Model, 6.4% used the Watson Maintenance Model, 6.4% used the Self Maintenance Missing Model, and 5.1% used the Neuman Systems Model.
Conclusion: The use of theories and models in nursing is important to improve the quality of nursing care. In our country, the most widely used theory/model is Roy Adaptation Model between 1995-2017 years. Although the use of theory/model is widespread between 2008 and 2012, its use today is limited. It is suggested that the support and dissemination of theory/model based nursing researches should be more widely used because of positive contribution of nursing care.

Fear of birth is defined as fear related to before, during and after birth. In the management of fear of birth, tendency is more towards birth pain. However, previous birth type, depression, decision conflict, low social support and knowledge level are associated with fear of birth. Psychoeducation, one of the approaches that nurses can use to reduce the fear of birth has not been used in our country and there is no programme based on nursing theory. The aim of this study is to share the "Psychoeducation Programme Based on Human Caring Theory in Fear of Birth Management" and its the preliminary results. Programme was designed in five sessions to be implemented from the 20th gestational week on the basis of caring-healing modalities. The programme was implemented with seven women. As the results of the programme, the fear of birth decreased and the birth preference was vaginal birth. In our country, it is estimated to be useful programme that increasing the quality of obstetric care, improvement of nursing care, support of women and improving birth type towards vaginal birth. It is suggested that psychoeducation programme be tested in different pregnant groups and should be examined by experimental and qualitative studies.

Burn involves the ongoing rehabilitation process, requiring years of hospitalization in a serious hospital. The rehabilitation process is a long, tiring and challenging process, as important as the survival of the burn patient. Because of this reason, the treatment and care process begins when the patient is referred to the health institution due to burns. Mortality and morbidity have been a serious problem in patients admitted to the hospital with the cause of the best and guides for good burn management have been established. In general, in these guides; burn care organization, initial evaluation and stabilization, diagnosis and treatment of inhalation burns, fluid management in burn shock, pain management, escarotomy and fasciotomy in burn care, wound care, surgical management in the burn, surgical treatment of burn scars, prevention and control of infection, antibiotic management, nutrition, rehabilitation, itching management, ethical issues and quality improvement. In this review, the recommendations of current guidelines for burn care are included. It is important that nurses actively involved in all healing periods of the lumbar nerve should provide care in the direction of the guide.

Electrochemotherapy is defined as the application of chemotherapy drugs with electroporation method in the treatment of tumors in different histologies. Electroporation increases the permeability of the cell membrane, making it easier for chemotherapeutic drugs to enter the cell and ensure better results. Electrochemotherapy is a cost-effective procedure that does not harm the healthy tissue. Before the treatment nurses prepare the patients and the treatment area, make pain and anxiety assessment. Beside helping during the treatment, evaluates the complications related to treatment too. After the treatment, helping the general care of the patients and the treatment area cared. Patients followed via telephone on discharge. Education booklet about electrochemotherapy should be made avaiilable for patient and care providers after discharge. Nurses who take part in the care of cancer patients should increase their knowledge and skills related to this procedure and they should be aware of the follow-up and interventions about treatment. Thus, they contribute to the success of the treatment in perioperatively. The aim of this review is to describe the process of electrocemotherapy and roles and responsibilities of the nurses in perioperatively.

Globalisation, defined as the transfer of economic, social, political and cultural values beyond borders, has also caused the external migration of the nurse manpower in Bulgaria and has hit a serious blow to the health sector. Migration and international employment have become a prominent feature of nursing in the country over the last twenty years. With the effects of globalization, nurses, like other employees, have started to leave their country for reasons such as higher wages, career, better working and living conditions. In this review, problems in the health system caused by globalization in Bulgaria, nurse migration, causes and effects of health care system were discussed.

Culture is the result of cognitive, affective, behavioral activities of people and the behaviors transferred from generation to generation. Culture has an impact on factors such as economy, nutrition, occupation, gender roles, personal hygiene, clothing, family structure and population policy. Culture also affects people's beliefs, values and social attitudes about health and disease. In societies with various cultures, home care nurses should know the cultural characteristics of the patients they care for and plan their care taking these features into account. Culturally appropriate care should be to understand and understand the culture and to provide holistic care with clinical skills. Home care nurses may have to use their cultural knowledge to protect and maintain the health of the family or community. According to cultural practices and spiritual beliefs, nurses should have cultural awareness in order to provide quality and quality care to individuals who live their lives. The poor understanding of the patient's culture may lead to cultural conflicts, communication disorders, health inequalities, racism, discrimination and stereotypes, while negatively affecting the quality of care and the health of the individual. This review was made to draw attention to cultural awareness in home care nurses.