INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to evaluate the practices and knowledge of nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit regarding temperature of breastmilk/formula given to infants during feeding.
METHODS: This descriptive study comprised 116 neonatal nurses working in an intensive care unit. The research data were collected using the Nurse Identification Questionnaire and the Practices and Knowledge of Nurses Regarding Milk Temperature Questionnaire.
RESULTS: Of the nurses, 52.6% stated that the milk given to infants should be beneath 350C, 47.4% stated that it should be above 350C, and 76.4% stated that the temperature of the breastmilk/formula given to infants may cause nutrient loss. It was found that 78.4% of the nurses heated the milk in a warming bath, 6% heated the milk by keeping it at room temperature, and 15.6% preheated the milk with a heater and thermostat. Furthermore, 91.4% of the nurses were found to test the temperature of the breastmilk/formula by placing some on the inner segment of the forearm, 5.2% by using a liquid thermometer, and 3.6% by placing some on the palm.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was determined that the nurses had insufficient knowledge regarding the proper temperature of the breastmilk/formula and used traditional methods for heating milk and testing its temperature.

INTRODUCTION: This descriptive study was conducted for the purpose of determining women’s social support and self-efficacy perceptions and the effect of these perceptions on the early diagnosis behaviors of breast cancer.
METHODS: The study data were collected in a region associated to Bamyasuyu Family Health Center (number 17) in Şanlıurfa, Turkey between October 2014 and April 2015. The study sample comprised 316 women. The data were collected by a questionnaire form that was developed by the researcher, as well as Multidimensionally Perceived Social Support Scale, Health Belief Model Scale, Breast Self Examination Self-Efficacy Lower Dimension and Mammography Self-Efficacy/Self-Sufficiency Scale. The study data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and chi-square test. In order to conduct the study, permissions from the ethical committee, institutions and participants were obtained.
RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in the score averages of the breast self examination self-efficacy in women conducting a breast self-examination than women not conducting breast self-examination (t=19.998, p=0.001) and in the score averages of the Mammography Self-Efficacy Scale in women having a mammography than women not having a mammography (t=7.067, p=0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study found that the perception of self-efficacy was effective on the early detection behaviors of women while the perception of social support was not.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to evaluate complementary health approaches and related factors in breast cancer patients.
METHODS: A total of 71 breast cancer patients who were followed-up at an oncology and outpatient clinic of a training and research hospital were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and the use of complementary health approaches were recorded for the patients who agreed to participate in the study. The patients’ beliefs about medicinal treatments were evaluated by the “Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire.”
RESULTS: The patients reported that 21.1% of them (n=15) used a complementary health approaches method; all mentioned that they used it because they believed it may be beneficial for their medical treatment, 9.9% used it by taking into account the recommendation of family and relatives, and 8.5% used it due to the influence of the media. It was found that patients with distant organ metastasis and longer disease duration were more likely to use complementary health approaches, which is statistically significant (p = 0.006, p = 0.004, respectively). Patients who did not use complementary health approaches were found to believe that drugs are generally harmful (p = 0.004).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our study, it was determined that approximately one out of five patients used at least one of the complementary health approaches, particularly natural products. It was found that patients with distant organ metastasis and longer disease duration used complementary health approaches, while those who believed that drugs are generally harmful were less likely to use complementary health approaches.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to examine the levels of emotional intelligence and leadership in nursing students.
METHODS: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 417 students who studied at a nursing school. The data were gathered using an information form and the Emotionally Intelligent Student Leadership Scale and were analyzed with descriptive, parametric and nonparametric tests.
RESULTS: Of the students, 51.1% were 21 years of age or older, 82.3% were female, and 74.3% came from democratic families. Of the students, 31.9% were fourth-year students. Students’ total score on the Emotionally Intelligent Leadership Scale was 3.73±0.50. The scale scores of those students who were female, attended second and final years, had an academic grade over 3.00, had democratic families, were pleased with studying at nursing school and participated in meeting/training about leadership were higher, and these results were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Generally, the levels of emotional intelligence leadership found in the nursing students were high. However, regulations should be made to improve the emotional intelligence leadership of nursing students who are male, studied in the first or third years, came from an autocratic family, had a low academic grade point average and were not satisfied with studying at nursing school.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this methodological research was to adapt the Women's Physical Activity Self-Worth Inventory (WPASWI) into Turkish.
METHODS: The research was conducted on 370 women. The back-translation technique was used for language validity. After validating the language, the validity and reliability of the scale was analyzed.
RESULTS: Explanatory Factor Analysis was performed first to determine the validity of the scale, and the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test was found to be.90 and Bartlett’s test was p<.001. In addition, a three factor structure was obtained that describes 42.55% of the total variance. Based on this, the three-factor structure of the WPASWI was validated. (x2=1120.53, sd=595, p=.00, x2 /sd=1.88). When looking the fit indices of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, RMSEA=.049, RMR=.042, CFI=.90, IFI=.90, AGFI=.83, and GFI=.86 were found. In order to evaluate the reliability of the Turkish version of the scale, the internal consistency coefficient and split half reliability coefficient were examined. Cronbach’s alpha (.91) and split half value (.74) is over.70. This shows that the scale is reliable. Cronbach's alpha values of the subscales were between.80 and.89.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the WPASWI was found to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing non-physical aspects of physical activity-related (PA) self-worth (SW).

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study is to examine the perceptions of future expectations and social support of the children who live in a children’s home in Kocaeli, Turkey.
METHODS: This is a descriptive study. A total of 55 children, ranging in age from 8 to 19 from a children’s home participated in the study. In the study, a sampling method was not applied, and all participants who met the criteria and accepted to participate were included. The data were collected by questionnaires regarding demographics, children’s future expectations, and the Social Support Evaluation Scale for Children. The data were analyzed and evaluated through calculating percentages, the Mann–Whitney U Test and the Kruskal–Wallis test.
RESULTS: Of the children, 85.5% were female, the average age was 14.14 ± 2.77, 85.5% of children have both parents alive, and 45.5% of children sometimes felt lonely. The mean scores for the perceptions of the social support provided by the friends and teachers of the children who always felt alone was low (p<.05). However, the mean scores for the social support perception provided by the friends and teachers of the children who have no fathers (or poor father-child communication) and of the children at the secondary school age group were found to be high (p<.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Children who stay in the children’s home have high perceptions of social support from teachers and friends. Children receive most support from the principal at the institution, followed by mothers, teachers, social workers and other agency officials, respectively. The rate of the preference of the nurses as institution officials was found to be low in terms of providing social support.

INTRODUCTION: This study was carried out to determine the nutrition levels of a group of nurses over the age of 45 and to analyze the nutritional values according to the dietary guidelines for Turkey.
METHODS: This descriptive study comprised 183 nurses over the age of 45 working in a health facility in the city center of Istanbul, Turkey. From this group, 78 nurses who agreed to participate in the study formed the sample group. The data were collected using a participant information form, a daily nutrition registration form and anthropometric measurements. The data were evaluated with the SPSS 21.0 statistical package program and by using the Nutrition Information System (BeBIS 8.0) package program.
RESULTS: : The average age of the nurses was 47.26±3.71 and the average body mass index was 22.41±4.22 kg/m2. Of the nurses, 96.15% consumed three meals a day or more, 89.34% consumed snacks during the day, 15.38% skipped meals during the day, and the most skipped meal was lunch (83.33%). The average daily consumed calories was 1270.85 kcal, and it was determined that most of the caloric needs was obtained from breakfast and that the nurses mostly consumed tea or coffee during breaks.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was found that the nurses often skipped their lunch, their daily calorie needs were mainly met by breakfast, and their daily energy levels were found to be insufficient according to the dietary guidelines for Turkey.

Objective: This study aimed to determine and systematically examine the effects of heat applications on labor pain and to determine the application methods, application locations, application times and temperature grades of the heat applications in relation to the stages of labor.
Methods: Original intervention studies published between 2000 and 2017 were accessed and reviewed by checking databases such as Pubmed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Wiley Online Library in order to determine the effects of heat applications on labor pain. This review was performed by using keywords such as “labor pain” and “heat,” “labor” and “warm,” “labor” and “water immersion,” “labor pain” and “bath.” A total of eleven articles in accordance with the inclusion criteria were assessed.
Results: As a result of the systematic review, it was found that the heat application to the sacrum and lower abdomen (where the pain is mostly felt during phase one of labor) reduced the labor pain during phase one, whereas the heat application to the perineum region (where the pain is mostly felt during the phase two of labor) reduced the labor pain during phase two.
Conclusion: It is thought that heat applications to the regions where the pain is felt according to the stages of labor can be effective in decreasing labor pain.

Becoming ill and hospitalized causes anxiety in children and their families. It has negative effects on children’s adaptation to their illness and treatment, slows down healing, and lengthens hospital stay. Pediatric nurses make use of various approaches to prevent and reduce negative feelings in children and their families. One of them is the atraumatic care approach. Its principles include reduction or minimization of physical stressors, prevention of separation of children from their parents, and support for the feeling of control. Using this approach facilitates children’s adaptation to their illness and hospital and contributes to reduction of anxiety and procedures that cause pain. In addition, it provides support to and strengthens families and helps fulfill families’ needs. Therefore, nurses working in pediatric wards should have knowledge of and implement the atraumatic care approach. In this review, the use of atraumatic care in pediatric nursing and the effects of non-pharmacologic practices to reduce the pain of a hospital child, anxiety and family anxiety and stress are presented in the literature.

Beliefs among the elderly about aging include being ugly, senile, and sick, while attitudes often include youth and preference for being young to old age. Individuals may have different opinions about aging and old age, which is reflected in the behaviors of health personnel and aging people. Perceptions of old age and stereotypes about old age include the idea that healthcare services lead to a younger population, that preventive health services cannot be effectively deceived, that the elderly lack sufficient facilities for comfortable service reception, that healthcare personnel, especially nurses who provide care to the elderly, have to be sufficiently specialized in geriatric care, and that policies towards the elderly cannot be implemented effectively. For this reason, it is important to change the negative perceptcions and attitudes of the healthcare professionals towards the elderly in order to increase the elderly population and a healthy aging period and to improve the quality of services in all care areas.

Introduction: Nature is a miracle source for medicine to treat diabetes. Recently, more than 1,200 flowers have been discovered to have anti-diabetes properties. In the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the use of these complementary therapies has increased. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze randomized control group studies on herbal therapies which individuals have used to complement conventional treatments.
Method: This systematic review consists of studies that were conducted between 2000 and 2016. This systematic review, conducted in January 2017, was based on using the keywords “type 2 diabetes mellitus, complementary therapies and randomized controlled trial.” Full articles were accessed and systematically reviewed from the following sources: Science Citation Index (43), Directory of Open Access Journals (16), Academic One File (15), Scobus (10), Social Sciences Citation Index (7), CINAHL Complete (10), Medline (5), Science Direct (5), Academic Search Complete (3), General One File (2), and Google Academic (10).
Results: In the studies conducted with eleven herbal products (cinnamon, resveratrol, silybummarianum, salacia reticulata, vernonia cinerea, goshajinkigan, Rauvolfia-Citrus tea, pancreas tonic (an ayurvedic herbal supplement), the Chinese herbal medicine jinlida, and TM81 (tang-min-ling-wan) ginger, it was found that there was a significant decrease in FBG and HbA1c from the placebo groups. However, in the seven studies systematically reviewed, seven herbal products (cinnamon, milk thistle, green tea, sour tea, satureja khuzestanica, vernonia cinerea, and broccoli shrouds powder) were found to cause a significant decrease in blood lipids effectively.
Conclusion: The evidence supporting the effectiveness of herbal products as a treatment choice for T2DM are insufficient. It was determined that more studies to prove the effectiveness of herbal products are necessary. In order to support the safety of individuals with T2DM using herbal products, healthcare professionals should interact with them effectively and be aware of the side effects of herbal products.

The best practice standards of simulation published by the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning (INACSL) are important guidelines for simulation educators. These guidelines provide a framework to develop simulation training programs, to represent the best of the clinic, and to ensure high standards for a simulation-based experience. The best practice standards of simulation have been revised in accordance with developments in simulation science and the needs in practice. According to the latest revision, the standards of simulation are given as follows: simulation design, outcomes and objectives, facilitation, debriefing, participant evaluation, professional integrity, simulation-enhanced interprofessional education, simulation glossary, and operations. In this review, the best practice standards of simulation which are used before, during, and after the simulation-based experience will be explained based on the most current literature.

Roy Adaptasyon Modeli (RAM) hemşirelik süreci ile doğrudan bağlantılı bir modeldir. Bu nedenle, hemşirelik bakımının planlanması, uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesi için pratik bir çerçeve oluşturmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, dil kanseri nedeniyle hemiglossektomi olan hastanın bakımında Roy Adaptasyon Modelinin (RAM) kullanımını açıklayarak, hasta bakımının planlanması konusunda hemşire yol gösterici olmaktır. Dil kanseri tanısıyla hemiglossektomi olan 73 yaşındaki bayan hasta için RAM’ın hemşirelik bakımında kullanımını açıklayan bu vaka çalışması, hastadan sözlü ve yazılı izin alındıktan sonra hasta ile yapılan görüşme, gözlem yöntemi ve hastane kayıtlarından elde edilen bilgiler temelinde geliştirildi. Modelin dört uyum (fizyolojik, benlik kavramı, rol fonksiyon, karşılıklı bağlılık) alanında hastanın verileri değerlendirilerek, hemşirelik bakımı ile çözüme ulaştırılabilecek bakım problemleri tespit edildi. Belirlenen her bir problem için, modelin kavramsal çerçevesinde yer alan ve bireyin uyum yeteneğini sınırlandırabilen uyaranlara ilişkin analiz yapıldı. Hasta için tespit edilen her bir bakım problemi NANDA-I hemşirelik tanıları kullanılarak ifade edilip, hemşirelik süreci yöntemi ile hastanın hemşirelik bakımı planlandı. RAM’ın hemiglossektomi uygulanan bireyin hemşirelik bakımına katkıda bulunabileceği düşünülmektedir.