In this paper I ask what is wrong with 21st century leadership and
management. For example, why, when there exists the benefits of
decades of research into management theory and practice, are so many
organizations so poorly managed and led? I suggest that modern work
practices are not a departure from those of the 19th and 20th century
scientific management but rather an extension of their principles
beyond manual work to include the professions. This is related to the
corporate takeover of more social domains, including health and
education, and the associated problematic human resource practices
which predominate. They include various forms of favouritism which
ensure the appointment of ‘uneducated’ rather than ‘expert’
managers/leaders. It is time to start measuring the cost to both
organizations and society, of ‘uneducated’ managers/leaders.

Today, forensic nursing has emerged in health care services due to the
fact that health care workers frequently encounter forensic events. As
a member of the health care team, nurses are often expected to help
solve criminal cases. In this regard, forensic nursing is defined as biopsychosocial
aspects of nursing education combined with the forensic
scope of health care practice.
According to the International Association of Forensic Nurses, forensic
nursing practice may include exposure to interpersonal violence,
trauma, human rights abuses, and public health and safety issues.
The responsibilities of forensic nurses may include providing anamnesis,
making physical assessments, giving forensic examinations, collecting
evidence, providing protection and psychological support, writing
forensic reports, and testifying as witnesses in court. The duties and
responsibilities of forensic nurses must be defined in conjunction with
professional aspects and ethical principles, but forensic nurses may
face difficulties in some areas of practice because there are no laws
and regulations related to forensic nursing. Forensic nurses taking part
in more common areas of practice may find solutions to any professional
and ethical problems.

OBJECTIVE: To compare nurses’ attitudes towards productivity with
the organizational and managerial structures in hospitals.
METHODS: The study is descriptive in design. The study population
consists of 1061 nurses working in 18 government, university, and
private hospitals on the European side of Istanbul. In order to colle ct
the data, a survey on the nurses’ socio-demographic background and
aspects of their hospital’s administrative and organizational structures
was distributed. Additionally, a 39-item "Attitude on Productivity
Scale" with 5 subgroups was used. The data were obtained after ethics
committee approval and individually collected from each hospital.
Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 package program.
RESULTS: The average score of nurses’ attitudes towards productivity
is at a medium level (48.98±11.44); the sub-dimension of “dedication
to job” (70.35±15.93) is the highest, while the sub-dimensions of
“working conditions” (33.04±16.16) and “awarding” (33.02±20.86)
are the lowest ones. The comparisons between the nurses’ attitudes
towards hospital productivity with a total score and subscale scores
in hospital building systems and structures and nursing and general
management style are statistically significant (p<.001).
CONCLUSION: The results indicate that hospital building systems and
structures as well as nursing and general management approaches do
affect the nurses’ attitudes towards productivity and future improvement
efforts on these issues can have a positive impact on these attitudes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the emotional reactions of couples who have
undergone in-vitro fertilization at least once.
METHODS: 80 couples who have undergone in-vitro fertilization at least
once were included in this study. They were admitted to the IVF unit
of a university hospital between January and July 2009. All couples
agreed to be a part of this study. Data were obtained by questionnaire
and the Psychological Evaluation Test After the Use of Assisted
Reproduction Techniques (PET-ART) in order to determine the sociodemographic
information of the couples. Data were collected by personal
interview and evaluated by percentage, chi-square, one-way analysis of
variance and student t test.
RESULTS: The total PET-ART values for women and men were 31.51±5.07
and 28.31±5.88 respectively. There was a statistically significant
difference between them. It was found that the couples were most
anxious before the pregnancy test and disappointed at the time when
they learned the result was negative.
CONCLUSION: Both partners were affected emotionally during the invitro
fertilization period, but women had more emotional problems
in comparison to men.

These days, technological developments in the field of health reveal that
changes are needed in nursing practice. Nurses oversee the efficient use
of health care resources and continuity of care in the health services.
Telephone usage in nursing practice may include situations when
individuals or families must give relevant information about their living
environments. The telephone is a cost-effective method which can help
decrease hospital admissions, increase patient satisfaction rates, and
educate patients. The benefits of telephone usage in nursing include
easy accessibility, low cost, and simplicity. Furthermore, telephone usage
also helps monitor patients effectively, offer ready information to solve
health care needs, provide counseling and support, evaluate needs in
emergency situations, determine and control symptoms in early stages
of diagnosis, and provide fast, useful and effective solutions. Nurse
telephone counseling programs provide benefits in the management of
chronic diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes. The use of
the telephone in nursing practice is a method which can be easily applied
in Turkey. However, in order to offer effective health care services by
telephone in our country, qualified manpower, legal regulations and
health policies are needed.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of an occupational safety scale
(OSS) for health personnel working in hospital.
METHODS: This methodological study was done after obtaining written
permission from the Provincial Directorate of Health in Trabzon in
February, 2010. It was conducted on 522 nurses, 232 physicians and
271 other health personnel working in state hospitals. During data
collection, a questionnaire composed of 9 questions regarding
demographic characteristics and a 75-item draft scale of occupational
safety were used.The scale development process began by consulting the literature, by
consulting colleagues for face validity and by consulting experts for
content validity. Next, item-total correlations and Cronbach's alpha
values were calculated for internal consistency and reliability. Lastly,
factor analysis was used to test construct validity.
RESULTS: According to the views of specialists, the scale’s CVI was.92.
For reliability, item-to-total item correlations ranged from 0.47 to
0.74. The Cronbach Alpha was 0.96. For the construct validity,
exploratory factor analysis was done, and its KMO was determined to
be 0.95, Bartlett test was χ2= 30368.18; p= 0.000, and anti-image r
values were between 0.97 and 0.90. After the rotation, items with a
factor load of lower than 0.50 were removed from the scale, and the
scale was composed of 45 items and 7 subscales.
CONCLUSION: The scale was a valid and reliable tool to use in the
evaluation of occupational safety.

OBJECTIVE: To determine school nurses’ opinions about their jobs, job
environments, roles and responsibilities.
METHODS: The study population includes 191 private schools in Istanbul,
and the study sample included nurses employed in 55 private schools
which provide school healthcare services. The study was performed
on 36 school nurses in the schools that accepted to participate in the
study. Data were collected from the nurses through a questionnaire
form which included questions about job descriptions, and personal
and professional information, and the data were evaluated by computerbased
descriptive statistics programs.
RESULTS: Most of the school nurses included in the study were 45 years
of age or over, had associate’s degrees, and 1-5 years of school nursing
work experience. They preferred being school nurses due to the
convenient working hours. However, they did not receive education
about school nursing and did not participate in any professional
development activities. In spite of this, they were pleased to work as
school nurses. In addition, they regarded the following duties as part
of their jobs: the management of their school’s healthcare program,
school inspections, the control of emergency situations, the care of
children with chronic diseases, the control of infectious diseases, health
education etc.; however, they felt that they did not perform these
duties thoroughly.
CONCLUSION: It was determined that although school nurses consider
the principle functions regarding their jobs as important, they did not
have adequate knowledge about school health care practices or research.

Decision making in clinical settings is vital in order to provide safe, top
quality care for the community and to improve patient care outcomes.
Nurses have to make clinical decisions in complex, information-intensive
environments. Knowledge level, personal characteristics, past experience,
job complexities and environmental factors can all have an effect on the
accurate and efficient clinical decisions that nurses make. Laws, ethical
principles and culture determine the boundaries of clinical decision
making. An analytical and intuitive approach must be used for effective
clinical decision making in nursing. It is stated that these approaches
and the models that they are based on affect the quality of nursing
practice. An understanding of clinical decision making helps develop
new methods that lead to correct clinical decision making in nursing.
The development of clinical decision making contributes to the safe
delivery of health care services to society. Clinical decision making in
nursing, factors affecting decision making, decision-making models and
approaches that support decision making will be discussed in this review.