The increasing elderly population brings with it a variety of health problems. With aging, the incidence of chronic disease has increased and pain becomes one of the most common health complaints. Pain expression is affected by many factors such as a patient’s age, gender, emotional condition, and pain experience. Among the factors that must be considered, age is especially important because the elderly often express differences between pain beliefs and coping strategies. When pain is seen as a natural process in aging, especially among the elderly, and this belief is confirmed by the health professional who work with them, the elderly can experience great difficulties in managing their pain. Therefore, nurses who are responsible for the patient’s primary care have important responsibilities related to older patients’ assessment of pain, pain treatment, and care. Moreover, the assessment and treatment of pain can be difficult due to cognitive and physiological changes in older people. For this reason, it is easier to use pain management guidelines and algorithms for elderly patients. The role of nurses in assessing pain in elderly patients, pain treatment and care, the algorithm used in the evaluation of elderly pain, observed changes and other key components are discussed in this article.

In pediatric patients with cardiopulmonary failure after cardiac surgery, there is an increase in the use of temporary cardiopulmonary support systems if optimal conventional treatment methods are inadequate. An extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support device is one of the temporary cardiopulmonary support modalities used for these patients. Advanced nursing care can significantly contribute to the reduction of mortality and morbidity of pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Nurses working in cardiovascular surgery intensive care units should be trained in caring for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. This paper describes the nursing care of patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support after pediatric cardiac surgery.

A 2010 World Health Organization report stated that 69 countries had caesarean section (CS) rates above 15% whereas 54 showed rates below 10%, and 14 countries had rates between 10 and 15%. Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) is an option to reduce the day to day increase in CS rates. Countries approach VBAC in a variety of ways. In this review, the VBAC guidelines (nine guidelines) improved by some countries in line with evidence-based practice are studied. Common recommendations in the review of these guidelines stated that women should be offered information and counseling about the risks and benefits of VBAC. For a woman who had previously had a CS and has planned a vaginal birth, the probability of having uterine rupture or other complications must be considered and health care providers and equipment providing emergency care are recommended to be ready. It is stated that a woman’s previous vaginal birth is the strongest determinant in increasing the success of VBAC. In this review, the benefits and risks of VBAC, implementation criteria, factors affecting success, monitoring, recording, results towards planning, and informing are discussed in line with the examined guidelines.

Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy has been widely practiced in many countries to reduce the risk of cancers in women with BRCA 1/2 mutations. BRCA1/2 gene mutation carriers with tumor suppressor genes confer a high lifelong risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (PBSO) is considered to have a preventative effect on ovarian cancer as well as breast cancer due to the relationship between BRCA1/2 gene mutations and breast and ovarian cancers. Parallel to defining a strong relationship between BRCA-1/2 mutations and the development of breast/ovarian cancers and increasing the feasibility of genetic mutation analysis test, many controversies about the benefits and effects of risk-reducing surgeries have been raised. The impact of the preferred risk-mitigation strategies on cancer risk, survival, and quality of life are key criteria in this regard. Bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy significantly reduces breast cancer risk by approximately 50% and ovarian cancer risk by 80-95% but may be accompanied by menopausal symptoms, impaired quality of life, and accelerated bone loss. Therefore, decisions regarding the timing of bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy and the use of post-bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy hormone replacement therapy must be carefully considered. This review was conducted to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of PBSO use on low- and high-risk ovarian and breast cancer patients in addition to meeting the information requirements and awareness of nurses for this type of surgery.

INTRODUCTION: To determine the humor styles of nurses who work in a training and research hospital and whether the humor styles of nurses change according to their department.
METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted in a training and research hospital in Ankara between January and April 2014. The study sample comprised 259 nurses. The data were collected using “nurse information form” and “The Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ)”. SPSS for Win. Ver. 15.00 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. The descriptive statistics were shown as n, %, mean± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA, paired sample t test, and independent t test were conducted to evaluate the data.
RESULTS: According to the HSQ score of nurses, the mean score of compatible-positive humor style subscale was statistically higher than incompatible-negative humor style score. The most humorous style used by the nurse was "participatory humor style" and the least used was “aggressive humor style”. There is no significant differences between nurses humor style and work area.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was found that there was no differences style of humor used by nurses according to their departments. To find more precisely result about this subject it is recommended that further studies should evaluate and compare of humor style of nurses first day and after a while when the nurses start to work in new department. Also it is recommended that, further studies can evaluate that how nurses use humor in their department, and how they are impressed with use of humor in practice.

INTRODUCTION: To determine the effects that family planning methods have on married women’s sexual health and self-esteem
METHODS: This descriptive and cross-sectional research was conducted through July 14 - April 2015 in a university hospital in Izmir and 269 women applied to the gynaecology clinic accepted to attend the study. Data were collected by Personal Information Form, Arizona Sexual Experience Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. To protect the confidentiality forms were collected by closed envelope. Descriptive statistics, t-test, MannWhitney U, and Kruskall Wallis test was used in the evaluation.
RESULTS: The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale score average of women that chose modern family planning methods was 13.28±5.22 and 19.97±7.48 for women that chose classic methods. The difference between them was statistically meaningful (t=-7.134, p=0.000). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem subscale score average of women that prefered modern family planning method (1.23±0.55) was less than those who prefered classic methods (2.35±1.36) and this difference was also found to be statistically meaningful.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this study, it was found that women's sexual health that choose the modern family planning methods is better and their self-esteem is higher compared to women that prefer classical methods. It might be helpful for applicants to evaluate their sexual health and self-esteem while selecting the most appropriate and effective method for them.

INTRODUCTION: To determine nursing students’ opinions about using standardized patients and clinical skills trainers in their clinical skills training.
METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental study. Eighty-seven first-year nursing students participated in this study. Students were randomly assigned to the control (n = 43) and experimental (n = 44) group. Students in the control group practiced arterial blood pressure measurement and subcutaneous injectionson on a partial task trainer, whereas students in the experimental group practiced on standardized patient/ hybrid simulation. Immediately after, clinical skills training students completed the Laboratory Training Evaluation Form. Descriptive statistics, a t-test were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS: The initial clinical skills training with standardized patients made the students feel uncomfortable (p<0.001). However, the students who worked with standardized patients reported more positive opinions than the students who worked with the clinical skills trainers in invoking their interest and curiosity (p=0.009), affecting their learning of professional responsibilities (p=0.030) and contributing to clinical practice (p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The first clinical skills training with the standardized patients might make the students feel uncomfortable and unsafe. However, training with standardized patients invoked students’ interest and curiosity, had the potential of decreasing students’ anxiety, and made positive contributions to increase students’ self confidence and professional responsibilities.

INTRODUCTION: Primary prevention of cervical cancer prevention is gaining importance due to the gradually decrease of first sexual intercourse age in our country and the increase of sexually transmitted diseases risk among adolescents because of multiple sexual partners. If it is thought that primary prevention related to HPV infection shall be made by health personnel; the aim of this submitted study is to determine the knowledge of nurses regarding HPV infection and its vaccines and to create the basis for the planned training program about HPV infection and vaccines.
METHODS: No sample selection was carried out in the study (N=365); all nurses working at the time of the study formed the study sample (n=222). The data was collected by using questionnaires. Appropriate methods were used in the evaluation of the data. p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.
RESULTS: It was seen that 61.7% of the sample group did not receive education about HPV infections and HPV vaccine, 33.8% never met the HPV infection and HPV vaccine concepts before and 20.3% have encountered this concept in school. Furthermore it was determined that the knowledge level of nurses, who answered the propositions regarding HPV infection and HPV vaccine correctly was different and that this ratio varies between 11.3 % and 89.2%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Based on the data obtained from the study, it was determined that a high number of nurses do not get satisfactory education regarding HPV infection and HPV vaccine. Therefore, training programs should be planned and given to nurses, and within these training sessions, nurses should be taught to meet the needs of individuals and communities and to improve health behaviors

The detection of specific requirements during the postpartum period and the planning of proper care by the midwife and nurse are very important for preventing problems that are peculiar to this period. There is a need for assessment scales that can be used to evaluate the postpartum period where new roles and new responsibilities are assumed. In the literature, there are various scales that are valid and reliable in Turkey and used to evaluate situations like postpartum life quality, functional situation, readiness for hospital discharge, social support, spousal support, comfort, depression, parental behavior, and newborn perception. In this study, the postpartum period scales are examined in three groups: scales used in evaluating women’s health, mother-newborn communication, and motherhood perception. With this review, it is aimed to introduce the scales used during the postpartum period by presenting examples of studies conducted between the years of 2011-2015 and make suggestions about future studies.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the mobility levels of postoperative patients and the factors associated with them. This study adopted a descriptive, cross-sectional design.
METHODS: The research sample comprised 80 patients underwent surgery. The mobility difficulties experienced by patients and activity level during postoperative period were evaluated using Patient Mobility Scale and Observer Mobility Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software.
RESULTS: More than fifty percent of patients (53.8%) needed verbal prompting and physical assistance in order to move from one side of the bed to the other, 38.8% needed support to sit by the bed and 38.8% to walk around the room. The results showed that the patients were unable to turn independently from one side of the bed to the other.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The research findings showed that patients in postoperative period need support for improving mobilization and physical activities and these interventions may lead to more effective postoperative recovery.

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to examine the development of parenteral drug preparation skills of first-year nursing students.
METHODS: This study was carried out retrospectively and comparative. The sample comprised all the clinical exam papers of two hundred nursing students attending nursing fundamentals course in the nursing department of health sciences faculty of a state university in 2010-2012. Data were collected through two clinical practice exam papers applied with 10 days intervals during clinical practice via the check form developed by the researchers. In the analysis of data frequency, percentage and chi-square test were used.
RESULTS: Students were identified as 78.5% (n=157) female and 21.5% (n=43) male. It was determined after comparing the two clinical practice exam papers that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in terms of making drug dose calculations and writing a complete drug card, while there were significant differences (p<0.05) with regard to metric measurement conversions and marking on the set dose injectors.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the clinical practice exams and feedback were effective for monitoring, strengthening, modification and completion of students' skills.

INTRODUCTION: This descriptive study was carried out to determine the postoperative pain management interventions of nursing students.
METHODS: Data were collected from 73 second-year students’ nursing care plans after they had received surgical nursing training in the main surgical ward of university hospital in Edirne, Turkey between September 2014-January 2015. This training took six days per month.
RESULTS: It was found that 61.6% of students used the nursing diagnosis “pain”, 55.5% used pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods together for pain management. Twenty-nine point four percent of the 34 students who used pharmacological method evaluated the effects and 8.8% of them checked the side-effects of painkillers. Between the students who chose the non-pharmacologic methods, all students repositioned their patients and 55.5% of the students tried to distract patients by watching television and reading something.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results show that students used pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions for postoperative pain management, but they rarely checked the effects and side-effects of the painkillers. It is recommended to teach students about the effects and side-effects of the painkillers according to the control of pain and pharmacological pain control of surgical patients after surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this paper is analyze the effect of gender on the job satisfaction of nurses
METHODS: A meta-analytical method was used in this study. In order to attain research studies, we reviewed the Turkish Medical Index, Google Scholar, Akdeniz University Library Search Engine, Council of Higher Education Thesis Center, Pubmed, EBSCO Host, and Web of Science databases. The keywords “job satisfaction”, “nurse”, and “nurses” were scanned in both Turkish and English. Nine studies for overall satisfaction and six studies for both internal and external satisfaction were identified as appropriate for inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed by CMA statistical software.
RESULTS: The sample number for overall satisfaction was 3230 nurses and the gender composition was 342 male and 2888 female nurses. In the six studies for both internal and external satisfaction, the total sample number was 1849, with 190 male and 1659 female nurses. As a result of heterogeneity test, the examined studies showed dimensions of general, internal and external satisfaction as heterogeneous. Publication bias test results showed no publication bias. According to the random effects model, the impact of gender on job satisfaction was shown as 95% important and was calculated as -0170 for overall job satisfaction, -0054 for internal satisfaction, and -0041 for external satisfaction.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study revealed that the impact of gender in favor of women is insignificant in overall, internal and external job satisfaction.

Infiltration is a preventable peripheral intravenous catheter complication. In a safe peripheral intravenous catheterization, recognizing the causative factors of infiltration development, taking the necessary measures in line with these factors, identifying infiltration early and applying the proper care when it develops are the most important responsibilities of nurses. This review article aims to be instructive in identifying the factors which affect the development of infiltration and applying the most effective nursing care plans.