It is the nurses’ responsibility to provide a high quality patient care by increasing efficiency of clinical care and treatment in healthcare services. To provide a high quality and effective care, the nursing practices should be evidence-based. Iowa Model provides systematic conduction of evidence-based nursing research. This model forms a framework for evidence-based development of patient care practices. It guides questioning of nursing practices and seeking an answer whether patient care could be improved by current research findings, by allowing nurses to focus on information- and problem-oriented triggers.
In using Iowa model as a basis for evidence-based nursing practices, there are seven steps to follow. The first stage is to select a topic for evidence-based practice. The second one is to form a team to work up, apply, and assess that topic. The third stage involves retrieving the evidence that defines available resources and key terms. The fourth stage is the stage in which the evidence is graded by its strength. Fifth stage is characterized by the assembly of team members to formulate practice recommendations and develop an evidence-based practice standard. The sixth stage includes the assessment of practice by considering evidence-based written policy, processes, and guides to realize implementation of the application. The final stage is the evaluation stage necessary for evaluation and cooperation in the process of putting into effect of available evidence.
This review aims to discuss Iowa Model, its steps, and its use in women's health nursing research.

Mechanic effect developing depend on woman straining during vaginal delivery, traumatic or assisted deliveries cause strain and stress on nerve, muscle, fascia and ligaments of pelvic floor. This status also leads to structural and functional changes in pelvis floor. Factors such as primiparity, episiotomy, forceps/vacuum applying, straining technique, a large baby, position and presentation disorder for baby, labor rapid course, extension of second phase of labor and birth number increases risk of perineal trauma. Perineal trauma affects physically, psychologically and socially to woman in long term and first period after childbirth. Systematic evaluation of perinea is important to prevent complications and early determine problems occurring due to perineal trauma. Physician, nurse or midwife who evaluating perinea must have experience and adequately skill about perineal evaulation.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out so as to determine the attitudes of nursing students about ageism.

This study was carried out so as to determine the attitudes of nursing students about ageism.
METHODS: The cross-sectional descreptive study was applied on 298 student in the academic year of who had accepted to participate in the study. Questionnaire form and Ageism Attitude Scale (AAS) information form were used as data collection instruments. Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallıs analysis were used to evaluate the data.

The cross-sectional descreptive study was applied on 298 student in the academic year of who had accepted to participate in the study. Questionnaire form and Ageism Attitude Scale (AAS) information form were used as data collection instruments. Student t-testi, One-Way ANOVA, and Kruskal Wallıs analysis were used to evaluate the data.
RESULTS: The mean ASS score was 68.82±8.54 and their attitudes about senility and ageism were positive. The total score of AAS and caring of the old person during clinical applications, statistically significant difference was found (p<0.05). 55% of students in any period of life is determined that the elderly live with. the limitations of life subscale scores (23: 20 ± 5.73), compared to students who do not live with the elderly to have been found to be significantly higher. After graduating seniors also students who want to work with the elderly to limit the life of the average scores taken from the sub-dimension was found to be higher (p <0.05).

AAS total the mean score of students was 68.82±8.54, and their attitudes about senility and ageism were positive. The total score of AAS and caring of the old person during clinical applications, statistically significant difference was found (p<0.05). 55% of students in any period of life is determined that the elderly live with. the limitations of life subscale scores (23.20 ± 5.73), compared to students who do not live with the elderly to have been found to be significantly higher. After graduating seniors also students who want to work with the elderly to limit the life of the average scores taken from the sub-dimension was found to be higher (p <0.05).
CONCLUSION: Generally, it was found out that the nursing students had positive attitudes regardingn ageism. Giving geriatrics education in schools can be useful in the prevention of ageism

Generally, it was found out that the nursing students had positive attitudes regardingn ageism. Nursing department students in their first year of education to be given the opportunity to practice in elderly care unit may be useful in the prevention of ageism.

OBJECTIVE: In the treatment of Metabolic syndrome and the adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviors are considered as the basic principles of health promotion.
This descriptive study was conducted to determine healthy lifestyle behaviors and the affecting factors those behaviors of women with Metabolic syndrome.

METHODS: The sample was composed 225 women who are diagnosed and treated for Metabolic syndrome by the physician in obesity outpatient of a teaching and research hospital in Istanbul, and 18 years old or older and accepting to study. The data was collected by a questionnaire which includes sociodemographic characteristics and score Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile Scale-II. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, student-t, Kruskal-Wallis test and the significance level was accepted as p<0.05.
RESULTS: The mean age of women was 49.08±12.69 years. 56.9% of them graduated from primary school, 80% were married, 86.2% had children, 88.9% was house wife. It was found that the mean of total score of Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile Scale-II was 130.74±18.77. The highest score was in subscale including self-actualization and the lowest score was in subscale including habitual regular exercise behavior in Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile Scale-II.
CONCLUSION: We determined that healthy lifestyle behaviors of women with MetS were moderate level and her exercise was inadequate. Therefore the women with metabolic syndrome are recommended to be encouraged and motivated about healthy lifestyle changes to get the habit of a healthy diet and regular exercise.

Even though implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are effective upon preventing and curing the life-threatening arrhythmia, patients are unable to comply with ICD and go back to their normal life styles, and they experience a number of psychosocial problems. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is a useful theory as it contextualizes and evaluates the psychosocial structures affecting the health behaviors and methods causing changes in behaviors. Besides, this theory forms a frame for analyzing the human motivation, thoughts and behaviors from a social cognitive perspective. SCT asserts that the behavior, individual factors and the environmental interaction are not unidimensional; they have a synergic structure affecting one another. Considering these features, the use of SCT in planning the interventions aimed at decreasing the problems experienced by patients with ICD may enable us to see the factors that might affect the behavior as a whole and have a systematic approach. Thus, this article will explain the concepts of the Social Cognitive Theory in association with patients with ICD.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted in order to examine the effect of the parental control perceived by the sixth-, seventh- and eighth-grade elementary school students on their perceptions of smoking.
METHODS: Sample of the study consisted of 514 sixth-, seventh- and eighth-grade students.Data were obtained through Child Decision Balance Scale and Parent Monitoring Scale Adolescent Form. They were collected between 15 February and 15 March. Mean value, percentage calculations, Kruskal Wallis analysis, t-test in corrected independent groups for advanced analysis and corrected Mann-Whitney U test were used in the evaluation of the data.
RESULTS: 266 of the students participating in the research were female while 248 of them were male. While 39.3 % (202) of the participants were sixth-grade students, 29.8 % (153) of them were seventh-grade students and 30.9 % of them (159) were eighth-grade students. A statistically significant difference was detected between the mean scores of the students (p<0.05)in the smoking benefit perceptions according to the status of perceiving the parental attitude interested, little interested and uninterested. Likewise, statistically significant differences were found between the students’ mean scores of smoking benefit perception in the school monitoring subdimension of parental control, of smoking harm perception in the health monitoring subdimension and of smoking benefit perception in the restrictive monitoring subdimension(p<0.05).
CONCLUSION: It was determined that smoking benefit perceptions of the children with high perceived parental control are low while their smoking harm perceptions are high.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted descriptively to determine the level of problem-solving skills of health college nursing and midwifery students’ and affecting factors.
METHODS: No sampling was taken, all of the population (N=492) was included in the study. However, the students who refused to participate in the study or failed to fill-in the questionnaire form properly (n=65) were excluded from the study. A total of 427 (86.8%) students who filled in the questionnaire forms properly and volunteered to participate in the study consisted of the students in study group. The data were collected from April 15 to April 25, 2009, using an information form developed by the researchers and the Problem Solving Inventory that was originally developed by Heppner and Peterson, and adapted by Şahin, Şahin and Heppner (1993) into Turkish in our country. The percentage calculation, one-way ANOVA, Kruskall Wallis, Mann Whitney U test, student t- test and Tukey test were used in evaluating the data.
RESULTS: It was determined that out of those students 63.7% were 18-21 years old, 93.0% were female, mothers of 60.2% and fathers of 38.6% are graduated from primary school. The total score that students got in the Problem Solving Inventory averages 107.63 ± 12.57. There was statistically significant relationship between students’ Problem Solving Inventory point averages and some socio-demographic specifications, like departments the students are enrolled in (t=3.694, p=0.000), gender (MWU=2.57, p=0.010), family type (t=3.460, p=0.001), and where he/she graduated high school (MWU=2.26, p=0.024).
CONCLUSION: In this study, the problem solving skills of students in males, who are studying in nursing department, who graduated from health professions school, who have nucleus family has been found higher then the other students. It is recommended that the curricula of midwifery studies further focuses on teaching the problem-solving knowledge and skills, and taking advantage of problem-based teaching methods.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the nursing students’ leadership behaviours and professional motivation, and associated factors with students’ leadership behaviours and professional motivation.
METHODS: The study adopted a descriptive design. Research sample consisted of second-, third- and fourth-class students (n = 300) studying at the nursing school. Data were collected using student information form, Leadership Orientations Questionnaire (Self) and Motivation’s Resources and Problems Scale.
RESULTS: The nursing students obtained higher scores from human resource leadership domain, and lowest scores from political leadership domain. Students who rated their academic performance as good obtained higher scores from symbolic leadership domain comparing to students who rated their academic performance as average. Nursing students’ intrinsic motivation level was higher (45.10 ± 5.94) than their extrinsic motivation (21.11 ± 2.80), for professional learning motivation was at a good level (31.48 ± 4.99). Nursing students’ negative motivation was above moderate level (28.24 ± 6.24). Negative motivation and professional learning motivation level was higher in fourth-class students than second- or third- class nursing students (p< 0.05). The intrinsic and extrinsic motivation was higher in female nursing students than male nursing students were (p< 0.05).
CONCLUSION: This study suggests that it is vital to develop the curriculum of nursing schools for improving nursing students’ internal, external and professional learning motivation and leadership skills.

OBJECTIVE: The study is carried out qualitatively to define the difficulties that families of children with phenylketonuria experience.

METHODS: This is a descriptive study in which the difficulties of families are learnt from the families with retrospective and qualitative methods. The composition of the study consists of 15 phenylketonuria patient children and their families recorded in Giresun Health Department. The sample is composed of 10 families who agreed to take part in the study. Semi-structured interview technique is used to gather data for the study. An interview form with open ended questions about phenylketonuria and a small questionnaire with socio-demographic data are used for data collection.

RESULTS: As a result of the study, it is defined that the families have difficulty in providing the children’s special food, they cannot control their children at school, they do not pay attention to the child’s diet when the blood value is normal, the children are bored while eating their formula, formulas and other food are a heavy burden economically, it is very difficult to go to controls in terms of both financially and spiritually, they isolate themselves from social environments, and spouses experience tension about caring the child.

CONCLUSION: To control the diet of children of families, private transportation to the hospital in obtaining nutrients and material matters identifies through boredom. These results are in line with the family diet and disease is proposed to regulate compliance programs about life.

The use of models and theories has an important role in the creation of scientific knowledge in nursing and the development of quality nursing practices. Neuman Systems Model is a well-being oriented and dynamic model which provides a system-dependant holistic approach and it is based on the prevention of the systemic balance against the environmental stress factors.
In this article, a nursing process was created for a male patient undergoing hemodialysis treatment by using the Neuman Systems Model. In addition, it was shown that nursing can be used with other models and this model can be easily used in nursing practices due to the wide, comprehensive and systematic holistic perspective it provides.