J Educ Res Nurs. 2025; 22(1): 57-63 | DOI: 10.14744/jern.2025.87864

A Retrospective Evaluation of COVID-19-Related Nursing Diagnoses, Interventions, and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with a COVID-19 Diagnosis

Ayişe Karadağ¹, Ayşe Sılanur Demir², Gözde Türkmenoğlu Küçükakça³, Öykü Öztürk^3
1Koç University, School of Nursing, Istanbul, Türkiye
²Koç University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
³Clinical Trials Unit, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye

Background: The rapidly increasing number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases worldwide has led to higher hospital densities and increased the workload of nurses.

Aim: This retrospective and descriptive study was planned to determine COVID-19-related nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Methods: The study was conducted using the records of individuals (n = 849) who were hospitalized at a university hospital with a diagnosis of COVID-19 between March 2020 and February 2021. Data were collected using a form developed by the researchers, based on North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I) nursing diagnoses, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) nursing interventions, and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) nursing outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.

Results: The most frequently used nursing diagnoses during hospitalization were identified as “Risk for injury,” “Risk for infection,” “Risk for transmission of infection,” “Ineffective breathing pattern,” and “Risk for impaired skin integrity.” The most frequently used interventions specific to these diagnoses included: “Introduce environmental measures during each hospitalization,” “Monitor vital signs regularly,” “Implement isolation methods based on the infectious agent,” “Auscultate lung sounds,” and “Provide oxygen support.” The “Reached” outcome was marked for all patients except those who died during the evaluation.

Conclusion: It is recommended to plan in-service training for nurses to enhance the effective use of NANDA-I diagnosis, NIC interventions, and NOC outcomes. Additionally, integrating up-to-date guidelines into the electronic information systems used in healthcare institutions is suggested.

Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I), nursing process, patient care planning, standardized nursing terminologies

---

CITE